Biological & Medical Science Research Solutions

Biochemistry

Biochemistry research focuses on the chemistry of biomolecules, as well as how biological molecules interact and enable processes within and between cells. In turn, this relates to the medical study of tissues, organs, and organism structure and function.

Biochemistry encompasses the study of a wide range of topics, including:

Genetics
Hematology
Vaccines
Biotherapeutics
Food science
Molecular biology
Virology
Biology
Formulation
Nanobiotechnology
Biomolecular engineering
Pharmaceutical sciences
Drug discovery

Here’s a selection of application notes and articles relevant to Biochemistry research. Take a look to find out more!

Biochemistry	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (Link)
An introduction to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)	DSC	Various	Microcalorimetry as a tool for structural biology
Antibody characterization in human blood plasma	GCI	Three SARS-CoV-2 antigens and patient plasma samples (diluted to 5%)	Antibody characterization from COVID-19 patient plasma binding to SARS-COV-2 antigens
Antibodies - thermal stability	DSC	various monoclonal antibodies	Polyol-induced increases in thermal stability of antibodies by DSC
Antibodies - aggregation	DLS	Monoclonal antibodies	Monoclonal Antibody Characterization
Antibodies - monomer or oligomer (method comparison)	DLS	Immunoglobulin G4	Comparing Dynamic Light Scattering and the Analytical Ultra Centrifuge
Antibodies - variable domains	DSC	humanized IgG1 anti-bodies,	Contribution of variable domains to the stability of humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodies
Bacterial toxins - hydrodynamic changes	SEC	Adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA)	Characterizing Calcium-induced hydrodynamic changes using SEC with Triple Detection
Bacterial toxins - oligomeric state	SEC	Anthrolysin (ALO)	Overcoming the negative effect of protein structure on molecular weight measurement by Size Exclusion Chromatography – Two protein case studies with Anthrolysin and Bcl-2
Binding affinity and kinetics – off-rate screening	GCI	Eighty-three (83) crude reaction mixtures (CRM)	Rapid optimization of hit and lead compounds
Binding affinity and kinetics – kinetic screening	GCI	Collection of small molecules	Molecular interaction analysis by Grating-Coupled interferometry (GCI)
Disaccharides - lower size limits of measurement	DLS	Sucrose	Measuring Sub Nanometer Sizes Using Dynamic Light Scattering
Disaccharides - lower size limits of measurement	DLS	Sucrose	Confirming the Lower Size Specification of the Zetasizer APS
DNA - melting behavior	DSC	Salmon testes DNA (ST- DNA)	Differential Scanning Calorimetry to measure the binding of ions, water and protons in the unfolding of DNA molecules
Enzymes - concentration	DLS	TAKA Amylase	The Measurement of High Concentration Proteins Using DLS: TAKA Amylase
Enzymes - electrophoretic mobility with metal ions	DLS / ELS	Carbonic anhydrase (CA)	Studying the influence of metal ions on the structural stability of carbonic anhydrase with the Zetasizer Nano ZSP: An orthogonal approach
Enzymes - inhibitor mechanisms	DSC	Kinase	Revealing kinase inhibitor mechanisms: ITC leads the way
Enzymes - monomeric vs oligomeric with pH	DLS	Pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase (PCP)	Oligomeric states of a thermophile
Enzymes - size exclusion	DLS	Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase	Dynamic Light Scattering as a Size Exclusion Chromatography detector
Enzymes - stability with pH	DLS	Lactase	Using Light scattering to study the stability of Lactase
Globular proteins - size and molecular weight	DLS	Myoglobin, Hemoglobin	Size Measurement and Molecular Weight Estimation of Globins using Dynamic Light Scattering
Hormones - contamination, aggregation	DLS	Insulin, amyloids	Minimizing cross-contamination during automated protein analysis
Hormones - contamination, aggregation	DLS	Insulin, amyloids	Ensuring Accurate and Repeatable measurement of proteins using the Zetasizer APS
Hormones – self-association	TDA	Insulin	Assessing the self-association behavior of Insulin with concentration using Taylor Dispersion Analysis
Immunoglobulin - aggregation	SEC	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	Characterization of IgG monomers and their aggregates
Immunoglobulin - molecular weight, intrinsic velocity	DLS	sRAGE	Measuring conformational changes of sRAGE with intrinsic viscosity
Immunoglobulin - polydispersity	DLS	Immunoglobulin G	Assessing the quality of proteins using light scattering techniques
Immunoglobulin - size distribution	SEC + DLS	Immunoglobulin G4	Size Exclusion Chromatography Dynamic Light Scattering (SEC-DLS)
Interferons - PEGylation	SEC	Interferon α-5	PEGylated proteins: Optimizing conjugation reactions using triple detection SEC
Large molecules - aggregation	DLS / SEC	Bovine serum albumin (BSA)	Comparison of SEC-LS and DLS capabilities in the detection and quantification of large protein aggregates
Large molecules - monomers and dimers	DLS + SEC	Human Serum Albumin (HSA), Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)	A comparison of the resolution and detection sensitivity of SEC-LS and DLS
Lectins - binding strength	DLS	Concanavalin A	Binding strength of sugars to Concanavalin A
mRNA - riboswitch activity	ITC	Bacterial mRNA	Implementation of kinITC into AFFINImeter
Nanobubbles - size and concentration	NTA	Bovine Serum Albumin and Lysozyme contaminants on surfaces	Nanobubble Applications and Characterization by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Nanoparticles - size and concentration	NTA	Oligonucleotide-functionalized gold colloid	Gold Nanoparticle Applications and Characterization by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Nanoparticles - size and concentration	DLS	Ultrasperical Gold Nanoparticles	Measuring the size of gold nanoparticles using multi-angle dynamic light scattering (MADLS)
Polyglucosides - molecular weight	DLS	Dextran	Characterization of Dextran using Light Scattering Techniques
Polyglucosides - molecular weight	DLS	Dextran	Molecular weight determination of polymers and polysaccharides using the Zetasizer Nano
Polysaccharide polymers - molecular weight and structure	SEC	Chitin/Chitosan	Using triple detection GPC/SEC to determine the molecular weight and structure of Chitosans
Polysaccharide polymers - molecular weight distribution	SEC	Chitin/Chitosan	Characterization of chitosan from various sources
Proteins - melting behavior	XRD	Thyroglobulin	SAXS study on the thermostability of a protein in solution
Proteins - molecular weight	SEC	Dextran, Bovine Albumin	Protein and polymer molecular size by GPC/SEC
Proteins - agglomeration	ELS	Lysozyme	Zeta potential measurement of Lysozyme in the High Concentration Zeta Potential Cell
Proteins - aggregate size	DLS	Bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-lactoglobulin,	Combining technologies for the superior detection, separation and characterization of protein aggregates
Proteins - aggregates	DLS	Lysozyme	Adaptive Correlation: Better insight to the presence of aggregates
Proteins - aggregation index	DLS	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	Enhanced aggregate detection: monitoring protein stability using dual angle light scattering
Proteins - aggregation point	DLS	Ovalbumin	Characterisation of protein aggregation point
Proteins - breakdown to polypeptides	SEC	Alcohol dehydrogenase	Typical protein applications for advanced analytical SEC
Proteins - complexation and binding	DLS	Bovine serum albumin	Characterization of protein-polyelectrolyte complexes
Proteins - crystal structure	XRD	Lysozyme	Transmission diffraction. Measurement and unit cell refinement of lysozyme
Proteins - eliminating cross-contamination	DLS	Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme,	Demonstrating that the Zetasizer APS eliminates cross contamination
Proteins - hydrodynamic radius	DLS	Lysozyme	Measurements of 0.1mg/ml Lysozyme in 2μl cell volume
Proteins - hydrodynamic radius, concentration	DLS	Bovine serum albumin	Protein measurements with the Zetasizer µV connected to a GE AKTA SEC system
Proteins - hydrodynamic size and zeta potential	ELS	Human Serum Albumin (HSA)	Improving Protein Zeta Potential Measurements Utilizing A Novel Diffusion Barrier technique
Proteins - ligand binding	NTA	Biotin-Streptavidin complex	Determining fluorescence Limit of Detection with Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA)
Proteins - microrheology	DLS + ELS	Bovine serum albumin	DLS Microrheology on the Zetasizer Nano ZSP/ZS: Use of a zeta potential pre-measurement step to assess tracer particle-sample interactions
Proteins - modeling concentration effects	DLS	Colloidal silica spheres	Using the Zetasizer Nano to study concentration dependent changes in protein size
Proteins - molecular weight	SEC	Bovine serum albumin	Measuring protein molecular weight using the Viscotek SEC-MALS 20 connected to a Waters Empower® SEC system
Proteins - number and size distribution	DLS	Lysozyme	Number and volume size distributions
Proteins - oligomeric state	SEC	Human serum albumin (HAS)	Characterization of Human Serum Albumin using the Viscotek TDAmax
Proteins - particle size and zeta potential	ELS	Human Serum Albumin (HSA)	Measurements of protein electrophoretic mobility using the Zetasizer Nano ZSP
Proteins - particle size with concentration	DLS	Human Serum Albumin (HSA)	The Effect of Concentration on Dynamic Light Scattering Measurements of Proteins
Proteins - particle size, zeta potential, molecular weight	DLS + ELS	Ferritin	Characterization of Ferritin
Proteins - radius of gyration	XRD	Glucose Imerase	ScatterX78 for BioSAXS studies on dilute protein solutions
Proteins - resolution of mixtures	SEC	Glucose Oxidase, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, and Lysozyme	Analysis of Protein Mixtures with Multi-Detector SEC
Proteins - size, aggregation with temperature	DLS	Lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA)	Enhanced Protein Aggregation Detection Using Dual Angle Dynamic Light Scattering
Proteins - size titration	DLS + ELS	Bovine serum albumin	Automated protein characterization using the MPT-2 Autotitrator*
Proteins - stability in storage	DLS	Immunoglobulin	Effect of storage conditions on Immunoglobulin
Small molecules: kinetic screening with waveRAPID	GCI	Target protein against library of small molecules	Pushing the boundaries in pharmaceutical hit discovery with the novel waveRAPID^® kinetic assay
Small molecules: large target-to-analyte molecular weight	GCI	Various small molecule inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CAII)	Sensitive kinetic analysis of small molecules binding to large drug targets

Biomedical engineering

Biomedical engineering lies at the interface of disciplines such as polymer science, ceramics, biology, and protein chemistry. Below, you’ll find a selection of application notes and articles that relate closely to biomedical sciences and engineering. Feel free to explore them and learn more!

Biomedical Engineering	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (website link)
Biocompatibility - Interactions, size of complexes	DLS	Keggin ions	Interactions of Bovine Serum Albumin with Aluminum Polyoxocations
Biocompatibility - surfaces, zeta potential	ELS	Polystyrene lattices with a carboxylated surface	Using zeta potential to assess protein adsorption to surfactant coated latex
Biomaterials - ceramics, composition	XRD	Bio-ceramic calcium phosphate coatings	X-ray diffraction in biomedical research - Chemical and biological analysis of bioceramic calcium phosphate coatings for medical purposes
Biomaterials - chemical phase composition, microstructure	XRD	Seashell	A shell exposed. A multi-dimensional investigation using X-ray diffraction and Computed Tomography
Biomaterials - polymers, molecular structure, intrinsic viscosity	SEC	Polylactic Acid (PLA)	Optimization of PLA/PLGA molecular weight and structure to suit final application requirements
Biomaterials - polymers, molecular weight, concentration	GPC	Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)	How switching mobile phases can improve your OMNISEC results
Biomaterials - silk fiber, size, hydrodynamic size	DLS	Spider silk fibers	Protein storage and stability analysis using the Zetasizer Nano ZSP
Biomaterials - silk fiber, zeta potential aggregation	ELS	Spider silk fibers	Predicting protein formulation stability

Cellular biology

Cellular biology research affects a wide range of study areas, such as:

Microbiology
Anti-microbial therapy
Virology
Physiology
Drug delivery
Immunology
Therapeutics
Pharmaceuticals
Anatomy
Medicine

Here’s a selection of application notes and articles that relate to cellular biology research. Check them out to see how our solutions could support you!

Cellular Biology	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (Link)
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) - size and size distribution	NTA	Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) labeled with gold nanoparticles	Adeno-Associated Virus titer and aggregation characterization
Bacteria and Viruses - size and size distribution	NTA	Bacteriophage (Staphylococcus aureus) and various virus particles	Total virus titer in minutes
Bacterial virulence factors - complex formation	SEC	ClpP2. ClpP2, ClpP2R213, CyaA	Characterization of Protein-Protein Interactions using triple detection size exclusion chromatography (SEC-TD)
Bacterial virulence factors - hydrodynamic changes	ELS	CyaA	Characterization of hydrodynamic changes upon cation-binding to proteins
Cell culture - protein stability	ELS	Bovine serum albumin (BSA)	Determining protein isoelectric point: A method comparison
Extracellular vesicles - model systems	NTA	Models for extracellular vesicles	NanoSight NTA Concentration Measurement Upgrade
Extracellular vesicles - size and concentration	NTA	Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles (STBM), antibody (NDOG II)	Exosomes and Microvesicles: Concentration, sizing and phenotyping using NTA
Extracellular vesicles - size and concentration	NTA	Exosomes, urine, SKOV3 cells	Use of NanoSight Sample Assistant to increase throughput and reproducibility in the physical characterization of exosomes
Extracellular vesicles - stability	NTA	Lyophilized exosomes from human urine and plasma	Measuring Exosome Stability with Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Lipid Membranes - phase transitions	DSC	Lipid bilayer membranes	Using DSC to characterize thermotropic phase transitions in lipid bilayer membranes
Membrane proteins: binding with peptides	GCI	GPCR and a 725 Da mutated neurotensin	Binding Kinetics of a G-Protein-Coupled receptor
Membrane proteins - synthesis	SEC	Bovine serum albumin (BSA) in n-Dodecyl-B-D-Maltoside (DDM)	Analysis of membrane protein by multi-detector SEC
MHC class I molecules - Amyloid formation	DLS	β-2-microglobulin (b2m)	Using Light Scattering to Track β-2-Microglobulin Amyloid Formation
Non-viral vectors - shape change	DLS	L-Lysine	The Use of Light Scattering to Study the Structure and charge of Dendritic Poly(L-Lysine)
Polycation DNA complexes - polydispersity	DLS	Polycation-DNA complexes	Using dynamic light scattering to investigate conformational changes
Silica nanoparticles - surface charge	DLS + ELS	Monodisperse silica particles, cationic polymer polyethyleneimine(PEI), succinic acid, glutaraldehyde + streptavidin, a fluorophore	Electrokinetic Characterization of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles
Starburst Dendrimers - Zeta potential, size	DLS + ELS	Amino group + amidoamine units	Starburst Dendrimers Automated Isoelectric Point Measurements

Medicine and human health

Many biochemistry studies ultimately feed into medicine. In this context, ‘Medicine and Human Health’ covers the areas where biochemistry is applied in a practical medical and welfare setting – from nutrition science to toxicology and public health.

Below, we’ve put together some application notes and articles on human health and medical science research topics. Why not have a look and find out more about how we could support you with your medical sciences research?

Medicine and Human Health	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (link)
Cancer - diagnostics	DSC	Blood serum	Differential scanning calorimetry as a diagnostic tool for cancer patients
Cancer - treatments	ITC	Small molecule renin inhibitor	Binding thermodynamics of substituted diaminopyrimidine renin inhibitors
COVID – preventive treatment	GCI	Receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, ACE2 protein	Sybody^® candidates compete for ACE2 binding onto SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD
Immunosuppressants - stability, particle size distributions	DLS + ELS +LD	Cyclosporines,	Ophthalmic microemulsions: An orthogonal characterization strategy
Public Health Science - elemental concentrations	XRF	Traces of toxic elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn)	Analysis of biological samples
Toxicology of nanoparticles - particle size	NTA	Human blood plasma, gold nanoparticles	Characterization of nanoparticle size and state in nanotoxicological and ecotoxicological studies using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA)

Abkürzungen erklärt

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Abkürzung	Methodenname	Gerät(e)	Gemessene Eigenschaft
DLS	Dynamische Lichtstreuung	Zetasizer	Molekülgröße, hydrodynamischer Radius R_H, Partikelgröße, Größenverteilung, Stabilität, Konzentration, Agglomeration
ELS	Elektrophoretische Lichtstreuung	Zetasizer	Zetapotenzial, Partikelladung, Suspensionsstabilität, Proteinmobilität
ITC	Isothermische Titrationskalorimetrie	MicroCal ITC	Bindungsaffinität, Thermodynamik molekularer Reaktionen in Lösung
DDK	Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie	Microcal DSC	Denaturierung (Entfaltung) von großen Molekülen, Stabilität von Makromolekülen
GCI	Gittergekoppelte Interferometrie	Creoptix WAVEsystem	Bindungskinetik und -affinität in Echtzeit, markerfrei mit Fluidik
IMG	Automatisierte Bildanalyse	Morphologi 4	Bildgebung von Partikeln, automatisierte Form- und Größenmessung
MDRS	Morphologically-Directed Raman-Spektroskopie	Morphologi 4-ID	Bildgebung von Partikeln, automatisierte Form- und Größenmessung, chemische Identifizierung und Verunreinigungserkennung
LD	Laserbeugung	Mastersizer Spraytec Insitec Parsum	Partikelgröße, Größenverteilung
NTA	Nanopartikel-Tracking-Analyse (NTA)	NanoSight	Partikelgröße, Größenverteilung und Konzentration
SEC oder GPC	Größenausschluss-Chromatographie/ Gelpermeationschromatographie	OMNISEC	Molekülgröße, Molekulargewicht, oligomerer Zustand, Polymer- oder Proteingröße und Molekularstruktur
SPE	Probenvorbereitung durch Schmelzaufschluss	Le Neo LeDoser Eagon 2 The OxAdvanced M4 rFusion	Schmelztabletten-Probenvorbereitung für RFA, Peroxidlösungszubereitungen für ICP, Flussmittelwägung für die Schmelztablettenherstellung
UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Ultraviolett-/Sichtbares Licht-/Nahinfrarot-/Kurzwellen-Infrarotspektrometrie	LabSpec FieldSpec TerraSpec QualitySpec	Materialerkennung und -analyse, Feuchtigkeit, Mineral- und Kohlenstoffgehalt. Bodenuntersuchungen für luft- und satellitengestützte spektroskopische Verfahren.
PFTNA	Aktivierung mit gepulsten schnellen thermischen Neutronen (Pulsed Fast and Thermal Neutron Activation, PFTNA)	CNA	Inline-Elementaranalyse
XRD-C	Röntgendiffraktion (Kristallographie)	Aeris Empyrean	Verfeinerung der molekularen Kristallstruktur, Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der kristallinen Phase, Verhältnis zwischen kristallin und amorph, Analyse der Kristallitgröße
XRD-M	Röntgendiffraktion (Mikrostruktur)	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	Eigenspannung, Textur
XRD-CT	Röntgenabsorptionsbildgebung durch Computertomographie	Empyrean	3D Bildgebung von Feststoffen, Porosität und Dichte
SAXS	Kleinwinkel-Röntgenstreuung	Empyrean	Nanopartikel, Größe, Form und Struktur
GISAXS	Kleinwinkel-Röntgenstreuung unter streifendem Einfall	Empyrean	Nanostrukturierte Dünnschichten und Oberflächen
HR-XRD	Hochauflösende Röntgenbeugung	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	Dünnschichten und epitaktische Mehrfachschichten, Zusammensetzung, Dehnung, Dicke, Qualität
XRR	Röntgenreflektometrie	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	Dünnschichten und Oberflächen, Schichtdicke, Oberflächen- und Grenzflächenrauheit
RFA	Röntgenfluoreszenz	Epsilon Zetium Axios FAST 2830 ZT	Elementzusammensetzung, Elementkonzentration, Spurenelemente, Verunreinigungserkennung