Civil engineering, architecture, and archaeology

Find out how our solutions can advance your civil engineering, architecture, and archaeology knowledge

Interested in how our analysis methods can benefit your civil engineering, architecture, or archaeology research? Whether you’re a student, a researcher, or a professor, we’ve put together some links to the most relevant application examples.

The materials researched and analytical equipment used in civil engineering and architecture often overlap with Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering – so feel free to check out those pages for more information! Method abbreviations are explained at the bottom of this page.

Archaeological materials

The study of archaeological materials typically includes:

  • Mineral chemistry for glasses, pottery, and pigments
  • Metallurgy for coins and metallic artifacts
  • Knowledge of all types of building materials

Here’s a selection of application notes and articles related to the study of Archaeological materials. Check them out to discover more!

Archaeological Materials

Method

Sample

Application Note Title (Link)

Coins - metal composition

XRF

Archeological coin

Practical small spot mapping. Analysis of an archeological coin using SumXcore technology

Mortar - composition

UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR

Mortar in walls of Ruins of Pompeii, Italy

Portable Analysis of Ancient Walls in Pompeii, Italy

Paints - Identification

UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR

Medieval and Renaissance illuminated manuscripts (10th-16th century) in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, UK

Report on the Use of a FieldSpec 4 Spectroradiometer for the Non-Invasive Identification of Artists' Materials on Illuminated Manuscripts

Paints - mineral compositions

XRD

Chemical and mineralogical changes to a wall painting in the St George fresco, Prague, Czech Republic cerussite, plattnerite, lead magnesium carbonate, calcite, hydrocerussite

X-ray micro-diffraction in wall painting research

Paints – mineral compositions

XRD

Study of pigments in a medieval parchment leaf using microdiffraction

Non-destructive, small-scale analysis of cultural heritage objects with Empyrean

Building materials

In order to demonstrate compliance with building regulations and materials standards, both civil engineers and architects must have a strong understanding of their building materials, including:

  • Materials science
  • Mechanical properties
  • Chemistry
  • Processing requirements

Understanding of pre-manufacturing processes is also an important element in the drive to create building materials with a lower CO2 footprint.

Take a look at the application notes below for examples of how our solutions can help with this!

Building Materials

Method

Sample

Application Note Title (Link)

Adhesives - resin loading in wood

UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR

Resin loading in wood, wood adhesives, resin, wax, and moisture in OSB chips

Wood Adhesives Presentation

Architectural marble fillers - particle size

LD

Marble Fillers/ calcium carbonate

Automated marble milling - better product quality, lower energy costs

Asphalt emulsions - particle size, Zeta potential

LD / DLS / ELS

Asphalt emulsions (asphalt cement, water, emulsifier, additives)

Determining the quality of asphalt emulsions using particle size and zeta potential analysis

Cement - accurate elemental analysis

XRF

Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)

Zetium - Cement analysis using CEMOXI standards

Cement - accurate elemental analysis

XRF

Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)

Analysis of major and minor elements in cement pressed powders

Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms

XRF

Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)

Zetium - Compliance made easy ASTM C114-13 norm

Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms

XRF

Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)

Compliance made easy and faster - ASTM C114-15 norm with SumXcore at 1 kW

Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms

XRF / SPE

Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)

ASTM C114-15 and ISO 29581-2 compliance for cement fused beads in 10 minutes

Cement - sample preparation and elemental composition

XRF / SPE

SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O5, ZnO and Mn2O3 in cement

ASTM C114-15 and ISO 29581-2 compliance for cement fused beads

Cement - sample preparation for XRF

SPE

Cement powder, lithium borate

Cement XRF application using a universal borate fusion methodology for ASTM C 114 & ISO/DIS 29581-2 qualification

Cement and Clinker Powders - particle shape and size

MDRS

Clinker and cement powders

Component-specific characterization of cements using Morphologi ID

Cement Blending - mineralogical composition

XRD

Blended cement

Quick mineralogical quantification of blended cement

Cement finishing - particle size

LD

Cement finishing

Reducing the cost of cement production through the use of automated process control

Cement manufacture - CO2 reduction by accurate process control

XRD

Clinker and cement

Quick phase quantification of clinker and cement for environmentally friendly cement production

Cement manufacture - on-line particle sizing

LD

Cement grains

On-line particle sizing and control

Cement manufacture - on-line particle sizing

LD

Cement grains

Castles' on-line analysis- article

Chlorine in Cement - Sample Preparation for XRF

SPE

Chlorine in Cement

Analysis of Chlorine in Cement and Cement Related Materials Using Borate Fusion and XRF Analysis

Chlorine in concrete - concentration

UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR

Chlorine in Concrete (raw material and bridge constructions)

Determination of chloride ion concentrations in concrete by means of near-infrared spectrometry

Chromium in cement - crystalline phase analysis

XRD

Chromium phases in cement

Measurement of fast reactions. Chromium in cement - measuring the kinetics of lamellar calcium aluminate chromate hydrates

Clinker - crystalline phase analysis

XRD

Clinker phases, slag, fly ash, pozzolan

Cluster analysis

Clinker - sample preparation for XRD

XRD

Clinker: Alite, Belite, Free Lime (CaO), Ferrite, Aluminate,

Sample preparation of clinker

Clinker grinding - particle size

LD

Ground Clinker (Portland Cement, Raw Mix, calcium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and magnesium oxide, clay, limestone + Calcium Sulphate)

Particle size analysis of cement using the technique of laser diffraction

Clinker hydration kinetics - crystalline phase analysis

XRD

Clinker phases, minor phases - process of carbonization and hydration

Transmission geometry for Cement hydration kinetics

Clinker manufacture - polymorph identification

XRD

M1 and M3 Polymorphs of Alite in Clinker

Quantification of the M1 and M3 polymorphs of alite in OPC clinker

Clinker Manufacture, Raw Mix - elemental composition

XRF

Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 in raw mix

Fast raw mix analysis in compliance with GB/T19140-2003 and GB/T176-2008

Clinker Manufacture, Raw Mix - elemental composition

XRF

MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 in raw mix,

Economical raw mix analysis in 5 minutes

Clinker manufacture, Raw Mix - sample preparation for XRF

SPE

Cement powder, lithium borate

Raw materials XRF application for the cement industry using a universal borate fusion methodology

Concrete - crystalline phase analysis, porosity, density

XRD - CT

Concrete

X-ray analysis of concrete: A multi-dimensional investigation using X-ray diffraction and computed tomography

Concrete - porosity measurement

CT

Porous Concrete

CT measurements with GaliPIX3D

Fly ash - routine elemental analysis

XRF

Coal fly ash, calcium hydroxide (from Lime, or Portland cement)

Zetium - Routine analysis of coal fly ash

Fly ash and slag additives - crystalline phase analysis

XRD

Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by partially supplementing Clinker with fly ash and slag

XRD analysis of hydrated cements and cementitious systems

Mortar - elemental composition

XRF

Mortar: Ca, Si, Al, Fe, Na, K, Mg, S, Ti, Sr in Cement Paste

Examine reaction kinetics of mortar about 100 times faster with HiPer small spot mapping

略語解説

当社の製品と技術については、製品ページを参照してください。以下では、当社の装置で測定された特性、測定名とその略称を簡単に参照できます。各メソッドをクリックすると、詳細が表示されます。 

略語

メソッド名

装置

測定された特性

DLS

動的光散乱法(DLS)

ゼータサイザー

分子サイズ、流体力学的半径RH、粒子サイズ、粒度分布、安定性、濃度、凝集

ELS

電気泳動光散乱

ゼータサイザー

ゼータ電位、粒子電荷、懸濁液の安定性、タンパク質電気泳動移動度

ITC

等温滴定型カロリメトリー

MicroCal ITC

結合親和性、溶液中の分子反応の熱力学

.dsc

示差走査熱型カロリメトリー

Microcal DSC

大きな分子の変性(アンフォールド)、高分子の安定性

GCI

グレーティング結合干渉法

Creoptix WAVEsystem

リアルタイムの結合反応速度と親和性、流体工学によるラベルフリー

IMG

全自動画像解析

モフォロギ 4

粒子の画像処理、形状、サイズの自動測定

MDRS

Morphologically-Directed Raman Spectroscopy

モフォロギ4-ID

粒子の画像処理、形状、サイズの自動測定、化学的同定、汚染物質の検出

LD

レーザ回折

マスターサイザー

スプレーテック

インシテック

Parsum

粒子サイズ、粒度分布

NTA

ナノ粒子トラッキング(軌跡)解析

ナノサイト

粒子サイズ、粒度分布、濃度

SEC または GPC

サイズ排除クロマトグラフィー/

ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)

OmniSEC

分子サイズ、分子量、オリゴマー状態、ポリマーまたはタンパク質のサイズ、分子構造

SPE

融合によるサンプル調製

Le Neo

LeDoser

Eagon 2

The OxAdvanced

M4

rFusion

XRF用溶融ビーズ試料の調製、ICP用過酸化物溶液の調製、ビーズ作製用のフラックス計量

UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR

紫外線/可視/近赤外線/短波赤外線分光分析

LabSpec

FieldSpec

TerraSpec

QualitySpec

材料識別と分析、水分、鉱物、炭素の含有量。航空および衛星分光分析技術の地上検証。

PFTNA

パルス高速熱中性子活性化

CNA

インライン元素分析

XRD-C

X線回折 (結晶構造解析)

Aeris

Empyrean

分子結晶構造の精製、

結晶相の同定と定量化、結晶対非結晶比、結晶子径分析

XRD-M

X線回折 (ミクロ構造)

Empyrean

X’Pert3 MRD(XL)

残留応力、テクスチャ

XRD-CT

コンピュータ断層撮影法による X線吸収画像処理

Empyrean

固体、気孔率、密度の3D画像処理

SAXS

小角X線散乱法

Empyrean

ナノ粒子、サイズ、形状、構造

GISAXS

斜入射小角X線散乱法

Empyrean

ナノ構造の薄膜と表面

HR-XRD

高解像度X線回折

Empyrean

X’Pert3 MRD(XL)

薄膜およびエピタキシャル多層、組成、ひずみ、厚さ、品質

XRR

X線反射率法

Empyrean

X’Pert3 MRD(XL)

薄膜と表面、膜厚、表面、界面粗さ

XRF

蛍光X線

Epsilon

Zetium

Axios FAST

2830 ZT

元素組成、元素濃度、微量元素、汚染物質の検出