Civil Engineering, Architecture & Archaeology Solutions

Interested in how our analysis methods can benefit your civil engineering, architecture, or archaeology research? Whether you’re a student, a researcher, or a professor, we’ve put together some links to the most relevant application examples.

The materials researched and analytical equipment used in civil engineering and architecture often overlap with Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering – so feel free to check out those pages for more information! Method abbreviations are explained at the bottom of this page.

Archaeological materials

The study of archaeological materials typically includes:

Mineral chemistry for glasses, pottery, and pigments
Metallurgy for coins and metallic artifacts
Knowledge of all types of building materials

Here’s a selection of application notes and articles related to the study of Archaeological materials. Check them out to discover more!

Archaeological Materials	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (Link)
Coins - metal composition	XRF	Archeological coin	Practical small spot mapping. Analysis of an archeological coin using SumXcore technology
Mortar - composition	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Mortar in walls of Ruins of Pompeii, Italy	Portable Analysis of Ancient Walls in Pompeii, Italy
Paints - Identification	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Medieval and Renaissance illuminated manuscripts (10th-16th century) in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, UK	Report on the Use of a FieldSpec 4 Spectroradiometer for the Non-Invasive Identification of Artists' Materials on Illuminated Manuscripts
Paints - mineral compositions	XRD	Chemical and mineralogical changes to a wall painting in the St George fresco, Prague, Czech Republic cerussite, plattnerite, lead magnesium carbonate, calcite, hydrocerussite	X-ray micro-diffraction in wall painting research
Paints – mineral compositions	XRD	Study of pigments in a medieval parchment leaf using microdiffraction	Non-destructive, small-scale analysis of cultural heritage objects with Empyrean

Building materials

In order to demonstrate compliance with building regulations and materials standards, both civil engineers and architects must have a strong understanding of their building materials, including:

Materials science
Mechanical properties
Chemistry
Processing requirements

Understanding of pre-manufacturing processes is also an important element in the drive to create building materials with a lower CO₂ footprint.

Take a look at the application notes below for examples of how our solutions can help with this!

Building Materials	Method	Sample	Application Note Title (Link)
Adhesives - resin loading in wood	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Resin loading in wood, wood adhesives, resin, wax, and moisture in OSB chips	Wood Adhesives Presentation
Architectural marble fillers - particle size	LD	Marble Fillers/ calcium carbonate	Automated marble milling - better product quality, lower energy costs
Asphalt emulsions - particle size, Zeta potential	LD / DLS / ELS	Asphalt emulsions (asphalt cement, water, emulsifier, additives)	Determining the quality of asphalt emulsions using particle size and zeta potential analysis
Cement - accurate elemental analysis	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Zetium - Cement analysis using CEMOXI standards
Cement - accurate elemental analysis	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Analysis of major and minor elements in cement pressed powders
Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Zetium - Compliance made easy ASTM C114-13 norm
Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms	XRF	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	Compliance made easy and faster - ASTM C114-15 norm with SumXcore at 1 kW
Cement - elemental analysis compliance with industry norms	XRF / SPE	Cement (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O2, ZnO, Mn2O3)	ASTM C114-15 and ISO 29581-2 compliance for cement fused beads in 10 minutes
Cement - sample preparation and elemental composition	XRF / SPE	SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O5, ZnO and Mn2O3 in cement	ASTM C114-15 and ISO 29581-2 compliance for cement fused beads
Cement - sample preparation for XRF	SPE	Cement powder, lithium borate	Cement XRF application using a universal borate fusion methodology for ASTM C 114 & ISO/DIS 29581-2 qualification
Cement and Clinker Powders - particle shape and size	MDRS	Clinker and cement powders	Component-specific characterization of cements using Morphologi ID
Cement Blending - mineralogical composition	XRD	Blended cement	Quick mineralogical quantification of blended cement
Cement finishing - particle size	LD	Cement finishing	Reducing the cost of cement production through the use of automated process control
Cement manufacture - CO2 reduction by accurate process control	XRD	Clinker and cement	Quick phase quantification of clinker and cement for environmentally friendly cement production
Cement manufacture - on-line particle sizing	LD	Cement grains	On-line particle sizing and control
Cement manufacture - on-line particle sizing	LD	Cement grains	Castles' on-line analysis- article
Chlorine in Cement - Sample Preparation for XRF	SPE	Chlorine in Cement	Analysis of Chlorine in Cement and Cement Related Materials Using Borate Fusion and XRF Analysis
Chlorine in concrete - concentration	UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	Chlorine in Concrete (raw material and bridge constructions)	Determination of chloride ion concentrations in concrete by means of near-infrared spectrometry
Chromium in cement - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Chromium phases in cement	Measurement of fast reactions. Chromium in cement - measuring the kinetics of lamellar calcium aluminate chromate hydrates
Clinker - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Clinker phases, slag, fly ash, pozzolan	Cluster analysis
Clinker - sample preparation for XRD	XRD	Clinker: Alite, Belite, Free Lime (CaO), Ferrite, Aluminate,	Sample preparation of clinker
Clinker grinding - particle size	LD	Ground Clinker (Portland Cement, Raw Mix, calcium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and magnesium oxide, clay, limestone + Calcium Sulphate)	Particle size analysis of cement using the technique of laser diffraction
Clinker hydration kinetics - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Clinker phases, minor phases - process of carbonization and hydration	Transmission geometry for Cement hydration kinetics
Clinker manufacture - polymorph identification	XRD	M1 and M3 Polymorphs of Alite in Clinker	Quantification of the M1 and M3 polymorphs of alite in OPC clinker
Clinker Manufacture, Raw Mix - elemental composition	XRF	Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 in raw mix	Fast raw mix analysis in compliance with GB/T19140-2003 and GB/T176-2008
Clinker Manufacture, Raw Mix - elemental composition	XRF	MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, and Fe2O3 in raw mix,	Economical raw mix analysis in 5 minutes
Clinker manufacture, Raw Mix - sample preparation for XRF	SPE	Cement powder, lithium borate	Raw materials XRF application for the cement industry using a universal borate fusion methodology
Concrete - crystalline phase analysis, porosity, density	XRD - CT	Concrete	X-ray analysis of concrete: A multi-dimensional investigation using X-ray diffraction and computed tomography
Concrete - porosity measurement	CT	Porous Concrete	CT measurements with GaliPIX^3D
Fly ash - routine elemental analysis	XRF	Coal fly ash, calcium hydroxide (from Lime, or Portland cement)	Zetium - Routine analysis of coal fly ash
Fly ash and slag additives - crystalline phase analysis	XRD	Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by partially supplementing Clinker with fly ash and slag	XRD analysis of hydrated cements and cementitious systems
Mortar - elemental composition	XRF	Mortar: Ca, Si, Al, Fe, Na, K, Mg, S, Ti, Sr in Cement Paste	Examine reaction kinetics of mortar about 100 times faster with HiPer small spot mapping

약어 설명

당사의 제품 및 기술은 제품 페이지에 설명되어 있습니다. 아래에서 측정 이름 및 약어와 함께 당사 기기로 측정한 특성에 대한 빠른 참조를 찾을 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용을 보려면 각 방법을 클릭하십시오!

약어	방법 이름	기기	측정된 특성
DLS	동적 광산란	Zetasizer	분자 크기, 유체역학적 반경 R_H, 입자 크기, 크기 분포, 안정성, 농도, 응집
ELS	전기 영동 광산란	Zetasizer	제타 전위, 입자 전하, 현탁액 안정성, 단백질 이동도
ITC	등온 적정 열량측정법	MicroCal ITC	결합 친화도, 용액 내 분자 반응의 열역학
DSC	시차 주사 열량측정법	Microcal DSC	대형 분자의 변성(풀림), 거대분자의 안정성
GCI	도파관 간섭법	Creoptix WAVEsystem	실시간 결합 동역학 및 결합 친화도, 유체를 사용한 무표지
IMG	자동 이미지 분석	Morphologi 4	입자 영상 처리, 자동 형상 및 크기 측정
MDRS	형태학적 기반 라만 분광법	Morphologi 4-ID	입자 영상 처리, 자동 형상 및 크기 측정, 화학적 식별 및 오염물 검출
LD	레이저 회절	Mastersizer Spraytec Insitec Parsum	입자 크기, 크기 분포
NTA	나노 입자 추적 분석	NanoSight	입자 크기, 크기 분포 및 농도
SEC 또는 GPC	크기 배제 크로마토그래피 / 겔 투과 크로마토그래피	OMNISEC	분자 크기, 분자량, 올리고머 상태, 폴리머 또는 단백질 크기 및 분자 구조
SPE	융합을 통한 샘플 전처리	Le Neo LeDoser Eagon 2 OxAdvanced M4 rFusion	XRF를 위한 용융 비드 샘플 전처리, ICP를 위한 과산화물 용액 전처리, 비드 만들기를 위한 플럭스 칭량
UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR	자외선/가시광선/근적외선/단파 적외선 분광측정법	LabSpec FieldSpec TerraSpec QualitySpec	물질 식별 및 분석, 수분, 광물, 탄소 함량. 공기중 및 위성 분광 기법을 위한 지상 실측.
PFTNA	펄스화된 빠른 열 중성자 활성화	CNA	인라인 원소 분석
XRD-C	X선 회절 (결정학)	Aeris Empyrean	분자 결정 구조 정제, 결정상 식별 및 정량화, 결정질 대 비결정질 비율, 결정질 크기 분석
XRD-M	X선 회절 (미세구조)	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	잔류 응력, 텍스처
XRD-CT	컴퓨터 단층촬영에 의한 X선 흡수 영상 처리	Empyrean	고체, 다공성 및 밀도의 3D 영상 처리
SAXS	소각 X선 산란	Empyrean	나노입자, 크기, 형태 및 구조
GISAXS	그레이징 입사 소각 X선 산란	Empyrean	나노구조의 박막 및 표면
HR-XRD	고분해능 X선 회절	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	박막 및 에피택시 다층, 조성, 변형, 두께, 품질
XRR	X선 반사측정	Empyrean X’Pert³ MRD(XL)	박막 및 표면, 막 두께, 표면 및 계면 조도
XRF	X선 형광	Epsilon Zetium Axios FAST 2830 ZT	원소 조성, 원소 농도, 미량 원소, 오염물 검출