Energy, fuel, and automotive engineering

Find out how our solutions can advance your knowledge of batteries, fluid dynamics, fossil fuels, fuel cells, and lubricants

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Want to know how our analysis methods can support your energy, fuel, and automotive engineering research? Whether you’re a student, a researcher, or a professor, we’ve put together links to examples of our solutions in batteries, fluid dynamics, fossil fuels, fuel cells, and lubricants.

The materials and analytical equipment involved overlap with applications in Chemistry and Applied ChemistryMaterials Science and Engineering, and Geological Sciences, Minerals and Mining – so feel free to check those pages for more information! Method abbreviations are explained at the bottom of this page.

Batteries research

Battery technology is a ‘hot topic’ – and involves research in many areas. This research can cover everything from charge storage and transfer and the synthesis of new battery materials, to modeling and testing battery designs and processing and upscaling battery production. Below, we’ve put together a selection of typical examples of our battery research solutions for battery material measurement. Take a look to discover more!

Batteries Research

Method

Sample

Application Note Title (Link)

Battery cathode manufacture and research - Elemental composition

XRD

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC)

What XRD configuration shall one use to analyze battery cathode materials? 

Battery cathode manufacture - Elemental composition

EDXRF

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC)

Elemental composition analysis of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt cathodes and their precursors materials using Epsilon 4 ED-XRF spectrometer

Battery cathode manufacture - Elemental composition

WDXRF

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC)

Elemental composition analysis of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt cathodes and their precursor materials using Zetium WDXRF

Battery research - Elemental composition

XRD

Graphite

Quality control: Graphitization degree and orientation index in graphite anode materials

Battery research - Overview

LD, XRF, XRD

PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)

Characterization of PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 

Battery manufacture - particle size analysis

LD

LiFePO4, graphite

Battery manufacturing: Reliable, adaptable particle sizing using the Mastersizer 3000+

Battery manufacture - particle size analysis

LD

LiFePO4, graphite

Battery manufacturing: Reliable, adaptable particle sizing using the Mastersizer 3000+

Battery manufacture - particle size and shape

MDRS

Carbon electrode materials, binder

The impact of electrode particle size and shape on battery slurry viscosity

Battery manufacture - particle size

LD

Carbon (milling)

On-line particle sizing of carbon for electrode production

Battery manufacture - particle size and shape

MDRS

Graphite particles

The Influence of Particle Shape on the Characteristics of Coating Films for Battery Electrodes

Battery manufacture - particle size and shape

MDRS

Graphite

Exploring the effect of carbon microstructure on lithium-ion battery performance

Battery manufacture - cathode material analysis

XRF

LiFePO4 (LFP)

Elemental composition analysis of LiFePO₄ cathode materials using XRF

Battery materials - particle size analysis

LD

Lithium cobalt oxide and lithium-ion phosphate, Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD),

Characterization of Battery Materials using Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis

Battery technology - overview

Various

The role of analytical technologies in optimizing lithium-ion battery materials

Analytical toolkit for the optimization of battery electrode materials - whitepaper

Battery technology - battery integrity

XRD-CT

Zn-MnO2 alkaline batteries

Computed tomography on alkaline batteries

Battery technology – in-operando crystal phase analysis

XRD

Batteries in pouch cells. LiNMC coated on Al (cathode), graphite coated on Cu

High-quality in operando X-ray diffraction analysis of pouch bag lithium-ion batteries

Fluid dynamics

Several areas of engineering involve studying fluids and sprays – for instance, gas and liquid injection are important features of engine design. Our droplet size analysis instruments can be used to test features such as nozzle design. Find out more below!

Fluid Dynamics

Method

Sample

Application Note Title (Link)

Fuel Injectors - droplet size

LD

Fuel sprays from different injectors

Characterization of fuel injectors using high speed laser diffraction droplet size measurements

Fossil fuels

As we navigate the transition away from fossil fuels, researchers are continuously exploring ways to use and re-use them more effectively. This can cover areas including:

  • Power engineering
  • Automotive engineering
  • Chemical and petrochemical engineering
  • Chemistry
  • Recycling
  • Environment
  • Mining
  • Minerals engineering


We’ve put together a few application examples of our fossil fuel research solutions – take a look to learn more!

Fossil Fuels

Method

Sample

Application Note Title (Link)

Biodiesel blends - concentration

UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR

Biodiesel-diesel blends: Methyl esters of five different oils — soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil, waste cooling oil, and coconut oil, highway and off-road diesels

Predicting the Concentration and Specific Gravity of Biodiesel-Diesel Blends Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Biofuel - elemental composition

XRF

Waste

Analysis of a wide range of alternative fuel materials using a single calibration method

Biofuels, mixtures - trace elements

XRF

Sulfur in fuels, biofuels, and mixtures

Zetium - Oil-Trace: Analysis of sulfur in fuels, biofuels and mixtures using a mineral oil calibration

Catalytic cracking - residual elements

XRF

Cl in fresh, regenerated, and spent alumina- supported catalysts

Zetium - The analysis of total chloride in alumina-supported catalysts by WD XRF according to UOP 979

Catalytic cracking - sample preparation

SPE

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalysts - residue in petroleum: Ni, Va, Si, Al, Na, Ca,

Dissolution of Fuel Oil Using Borate Fusion for ICP-OES Analysis in Accordance with ASTM D 5184, IP377 and IP501

Coal - phase identification and quantification

XRD-C

Quartz(SiO2), kaolinite​(Al2Si2O5(OH)4), calcite(CaCO3), dolomite​(CaMg(CO3)2, Siderite(FeCO3), anatase(TiO2)

Analysis of coal and related materials by XRD

Coal - sample preparation for ICP

SPE

Coal, Coal Ash, Coal Fly Ash

Characterization of Coal, Coal Ash and Coal Fly Ash using Borate Fusion for ICP Analysis

Coal - elemental analysis

XRF

Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, S, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3, SrO, and BaO in unashed coal samples

Analysis of inorganic major and minor compounds in un-ashed coal samples prepared as pressed powder

Diesel - trace elements

XRF

Silicon (Si), Sulphur (S), and Chlorine (Cl) in diesel

Accurate elemental analysis of low silicon, sulfur and chlorine content in petroleum products and automotive fuels

Gasoline - lead content

XRF

Lead in Gasoline

Zetium - Analysis of low concentrations of lead in gasoline according to ASTM D5059-07 test method C

Gasoline - nanobubbles

NTA

Hydrogen nanobubbles in gasoline

Nanobubble Applications and Characterization by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Gasoline - trace elements

XRF

Phosphorous in fuels

Zetium - Analysis of low-level phosphorus in gasoline

Gasoline and diesel – Low-level sulfur content

XRF

Sulfur, petroleum

Analysis of low-level sulfur in petroleum products in accordance with ISO 20884:11 and ASTM D2622-10

Gasoline and diesel - sulfur content

XRF

Sulfur in car fuels

EPA Tier 3 Compliant Analysis of Ultra Low Sulfur Fuels

Fuel cells

Fuel cell technology is a growing area. Lots of the current research around fuel cell materials lies within Inorganic Chemistry, so check out that page for more application examples. Otherwise, enjoy exploring the information on our fuel cell research solutions below!

Fuel Cells

Method

Sample

Application Note Title (Link)

Electrocatalysts Used in Fuel Cells

XRD, XRF, LD

Vulcan XC-72 carbon black

Characterization of Electrocatalysts Used in PEM Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells

Hydrogen storage materials - performance

XRD-C

Lanthanum pentanickel (LaNi5), Ammonia borane (NH3BH3)

High-pressure and high-temperature studies of hydrogen storage materials

Catalytic Ink for electrodes – crystallographic structure, particle size and agglomeration 

XRD-C, LD, DLS, ELS 

Pt nano particles supported in Carbon particles and agglomerates

Analysis of Catalytic Ink for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC’s)

Lubricants

The study of lubricants is important for automotive engineering, chemical and petrochemical engineering, chemistry, recycling, and the environment. For instance, studying used lubricants can be a diagnostic for wear in machine parts. Below, we’ve collected a few examples of how our analytical solutions can support lubricant research. Check them out to discover more!

Lubricants Research

Method

Sample

Application Note Title (Link)

Lubricants - wear metals content

XRF

Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ba, and Pb in unused and used lubricating oils

Oil-Trace: accurate elemental analysis of additives and wear metals in fresh and used lubrication oils

Lubricants- additives and wear metals content

XRF

Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ba, and Pb in unused and used lubricating oils

Analysis of additives and wear metals in used lubricating oils using Oil-Trace

Lubricants - additives content

XRF

Mg, P, S, Cl, Ca, Cu, Zn, and Ba in unused lubricating oil

Analysis of additives in unused lubricating oils according to ASTM D4927-10 and ASTM D6443-04 (2010)

Automotive oils - identification

XRF

Lubricating oils

Material identification by FingerPrint

Automotive oils - recycling

XRF

S, Cl in waste oil

Analysis of S and CI in waste oil using an Ag-anode X-ray tube

Oils - base fluids

GPC

Polyalfaolefins (PAO), (PAO6, PAO40, PAO100) in THF

Comparing multi-detector GPC and APC for polyalphaolefin analysis

Explicación de las abreviaturas

Nuestros productos y tecnologías se describen en las Páginas de productos. A continuación, encontrará una referencia rápida de las propiedades medidas por nuestros instrumentos, junto con el nombre de la medición y su abreviatura. Haga clic en cada método para obtener más información. 

Abreviatura

Nombre del método

Instrumentos

Propiedad medida

DLS

Dispersión de luz dinámica

Zetasizer

Tamaño molecular, radio hidrodinámico RH, tamaño de la partícula, distribución del tamaño, estabilidad, concentración, aglomeración

ELS

Dispersión de luz electroforética

Zetasizer

Potencial zeta, carga de partículas, estabilidad de suspensión, movilidad de proteínas

ITC

Calorimetría de titulación isotérmica

MicroCal  ITC

Afinidad de unión, termodinámica de reacciones moleculares en solución

DSC

Calorimetría de barrido diferencial

Microcal DSC

Desnaturalización (desplegado) de moléculas grandes, estabilidad de macromoléculas

GCI

Interferometría acoplada de rejilla

Creoptix WAVEsystem

Cinética de unión en tiempo real y afinidad de unión, sin etiquetas con fluídicos

IMG

Análisis automatizado de imágenes

Morphologi 4

Obtención de imágenes de partículas, medición automatizada de formas y tamaños

MDRS

Espectroscopia Raman dirigida morfológicamente

Morphologi 4-ID

Obtención de imágenes de partículas, medición automatizada de formas y tamaños, identificación química y detección de contaminantes

LD

Difracción láser

Mastersizer

Spraytec

Insitec

Parsum

Tamaño de las partículas, distribución del tamaño

NTA

Análisis de seguimiento de nanopartículas

NanoSight

Tamaño de las partículas, distribución del tamaño y concentración

SEC   o   GPC

Cromatografía por exclusión de tamaño /

Cromatografía por permeación de gel

OMNISEC

Tamaño molecular, peso molecular, estado oligomérico, tamaño y estructura molecular de polímeros o proteínas

SPE

Preparación de muestras por fusión

Le Neo

LeDoser

Eagon 2

El OxAdvanced

M4

rFusion

Preparación de muestras como perlas fusionadas para FRX, preparaciones de solución de peróxido para ICP, pesaje de fundente para la fabricación de perlas

UV/Vis/NIR/ SWIR

Espectrometría infrarroja de onda corta ultravioleta/visible/con infrarrojo cercano

LabSpec

FieldSpec

TerraSpec

QualitySpec

Identificación y análisis de materiales, humedad, minerales, contenido de carbono. Verificación del terreno para técnicas espectroscópicas transportadas por el aire y por satélite.

PFTNA

Activación de neutrones térmicos rápida a pulso

CNA

Análisis elemental en línea

XRD-C

Difracción de rayos X  (cristalografía)

Aeris

Empyrean

Refinamiento de la estructura cristalina molecular,

identificación y cuantificación de la fase cristalina, relación cristalino a amorfo, análisis del tamaño de la cristalización

XRD-M

Difracción de rayos X  (microestructura)

Empyrean

X’Pert3 MRD(XL)

Tensión residual, textura

XRD-CT

Imágenes de absorción de rayos X por tomografía computarizada

Empyrean

Imágenes en 3D de sólidos, porosidad y densidad

SAXS

Dispersión de rayos X con ángulo pequeño

Empyrean

Nanopartículas, tamaño, forma y estructura

GISAXS

Dispersión de rayos X con ángulo pequeño e incidencia por roce

Empyrean

Superficies y películas finas nanoestructuradas

HR-XRD

Difracción de rayos X de alta resolución

Empyrean

X’Pert3 MRD(XL)

Películas finas y epitaxiales, composición, deformación, grosor, calidad

XRR

Reflectometría de rayos X

Empyrean

X’Pert3 MRD(XL)

Superficies y películas finas, espesor de la película, rugosidad de la superficie y de la interfaz

XRF

Fluorescencia de rayos X

Epsilon

Zetium

Axios FAST

2830 ZT

Composición elemental, concentración elemental, elementos traza, detección de contaminantes