Interested in improving your biological and medical sciences knowledge with our analytical solutions? Whether you’re a student, a researcher, or a professor, we’ve got a wide range of useful articles on the most relevant examples for your application.
Biological and medical research covers a wide, unique range of topics within biology and chemistry. The materials researched and analytical equipment used often overlap with Agriculture and Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, so you may also find useful information on those pages.
To help make everything a little clearer, you’ll find some of the common abbreviations we use listed further down this page.
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Biochemistry research focuses on the chemistry of biomolecules, as well as how biological molecules interact and enable processes within and between cells. In turn, this relates to the medical study of tissues, organs, and organism structure and function.
Biochemistry encompasses the study of a wide range of topics, including:
Here’s a selection of application notes and articles relevant to Biochemistry research. Take a look to find out more!
Biochemistry | Method | Sample | Application Note Title (Link) |
|---|---|---|---|
An introduction to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) | DSC | Various | |
Antibody characterization in human blood plasma | GCI | Three SARS-CoV-2 antigens and patient plasma samples (diluted to 5%) | Antibody characterization from COVID-19 patient plasma binding to SARS-COV-2 antigens
|
Antibodies - thermal stability | DSC | various monoclonal antibodies | Polyol-induced increases in thermal stability of antibodies by DSC |
Antibodies - aggregation | DLS | Monoclonal antibodies | |
Antibodies - monomer or oligomer (method comparison) | DLS | Immunoglobulin G4 | Comparing Dynamic Light Scattering and the Analytical Ultra Centrifuge |
Antibodies - variable domains | DSC | humanized IgG1 anti-bodies, | Contribution of variable domains to the stability of humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodies |
Bacterial toxins - hydrodynamic changes | SEC | Adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) | Characterizing Calcium-induced hydrodynamic changes using SEC with Triple Detection |
Bacterial toxins - oligomeric state | SEC | Anthrolysin (ALO) | |
Binding affinity and kinetics – off-rate screening | GCI | Eighty-three (83) crude reaction mixtures (CRM) | |
Binding affinity and kinetics – kinetic screening | GCI | Collection of small molecules | Molecular interaction analysis by Grating-Coupled interferometry (GCI)
|
Disaccharides - lower size limits of measurement | DLS | Sucrose | Measuring Sub Nanometer Sizes Using Dynamic Light Scattering |
Disaccharides - lower size limits of measurement | DLS | Sucrose | Confirming the Lower Size Specification of the Zetasizer APS |
DNA - melting behavior | DSC | Salmon testes DNA (ST- DNA) | |
Enzymes - concentration | DLS | TAKA Amylase | The Measurement of High Concentration Proteins Using DLS: TAKA Amylase |
Enzymes - electrophoretic mobility with metal ions | DLS / ELS | Carbonic anhydrase (CA) | |
Enzymes - inhibitor mechanisms | DSC | Kinase | |
Enzymes - monomeric vs oligomeric with pH | DLS | Pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase (PCP) | |
Enzymes - size exclusion | DLS | Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase | Dynamic Light Scattering as a Size Exclusion Chromatography detector |
Enzymes - stability with pH | DLS | Lactase | |
Globular proteins - size and molecular weight | DLS | Myoglobin, Hemoglobin | Size Measurement and Molecular Weight Estimation of Globins using Dynamic Light Scattering |
Hormones - contamination, aggregation | DLS | Insulin, amyloids | Minimizing cross-contamination during automated protein analysis |
Hormones - contamination, aggregation | DLS | Insulin, amyloids | Ensuring Accurate and Repeatable measurement of proteins using the Zetasizer APS |
Hormones – self-association | TDA | Insulin | |
Immunoglobulin - aggregation | SEC | Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | |
Immunoglobulin - molecular weight, intrinsic velocity | DLS | sRAGE | Measuring conformational changes of sRAGE with intrinsic viscosity |
Immunoglobulin - polydispersity | DLS | Immunoglobulin G | Assessing the quality of proteins using light scattering techniques |
Immunoglobulin - size distribution | SEC + DLS | Immunoglobulin G4 | Size Exclusion Chromatography Dynamic Light Scattering (SEC-DLS) |
Interferons - PEGylation | SEC | Interferon α-5 | PEGylated proteins: Optimizing conjugation reactions using triple detection SEC |
Large molecules - aggregation | DLS / SEC | Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | |
Large molecules - monomers and dimers | DLS + SEC | Human Serum Albumin (HSA), Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) | A comparison of the resolution and detection sensitivity of SEC-LS and DLS |
Lectins - binding strength | DLS | Concanavalin A | |
mRNA - riboswitch activity | ITC | Bacterial mRNA | |
Nanobubbles - size and concentration | NTA | Bovine Serum Albumin and Lysozyme contaminants on surfaces | Nanobubble Applications and Characterization by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis |
Nanoparticles - size and concentration | NTA | Oligonucleotide-functionalized gold colloid | Gold Nanoparticle Applications and Characterization by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis |
Nanoparticles - size and concentration | DLS | Ultrasperical Gold Nanoparticles | Measuring the size of gold nanoparticles using multi-angle dynamic light scattering (MADLS) |
Polyglucosides - molecular weight | DLS | Dextran | Characterization of Dextran using Light Scattering Techniques |
Polyglucosides - molecular weight | DLS | Dextran | Molecular weight determination of polymers and polysaccharides using the Zetasizer Nano |
Polysaccharide polymers - molecular weight and structure | SEC | Chitin/Chitosan | Using triple detection GPC/SEC to determine the molecular weight and structure of Chitosans |
Polysaccharide polymers - molecular weight distribution | SEC | Chitin/Chitosan | |
Proteins - melting behavior | XRD | Thyroglobulin | |
Proteins - molecular weight | SEC | Dextran, Bovine Albumin | |
Proteins - agglomeration | ELS | Lysozyme | Zeta potential measurement of Lysozyme in the High Concentration Zeta Potential Cell |
Proteins - aggregate size | DLS | Bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-lactoglobulin, | |
Proteins - aggregates | DLS | Lysozyme | Adaptive Correlation: Better insight to the presence of aggregates |
Proteins - aggregation index | DLS | Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | Enhanced aggregate detection: monitoring protein stability using dual angle light scattering |
Proteins - aggregation point | DLS | Ovalbumin | |
Proteins - breakdown to polypeptides | SEC | Alcohol dehydrogenase | |
Proteins - complexation and binding | DLS | Bovine serum albumin | |
Proteins - crystal structure | XRD | Lysozyme | Transmission diffraction. Measurement and unit cell refinement of lysozyme |
Proteins - eliminating cross-contamination | DLS | Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme, | Demonstrating that the Zetasizer APS eliminates cross contamination |
Proteins - hydrodynamic radius | DLS | Lysozyme | |
Proteins - hydrodynamic radius, concentration | DLS | Bovine serum albumin | Protein measurements with the Zetasizer µV connected to a GE AKTA SEC system |
Proteins - hydrodynamic size and zeta potential | ELS | Human Serum Albumin (HSA) | Improving Protein Zeta Potential Measurements Utilizing A Novel Diffusion Barrier technique |
Proteins - ligand binding | NTA | Biotin-Streptavidin complex | Determining fluorescence Limit of Detection with Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) |
Proteins - microrheology | DLS + ELS | Bovine serum albumin | |
Proteins - modeling concentration effects | DLS | Colloidal silica spheres | Using the Zetasizer Nano to study concentration dependent changes in protein size |
Proteins - molecular weight | SEC | Bovine serum albumin | |
Proteins - number and size distribution | DLS | Lysozyme | |
Proteins - oligomeric state | SEC | Human serum albumin (HAS) | Characterization of Human Serum Albumin using the Viscotek TDAmax |
Proteins - particle size and zeta potential | ELS | Human Serum Albumin (HSA) | Measurements of protein electrophoretic mobility using the Zetasizer Nano ZSP |
Proteins - particle size with concentration | DLS | Human Serum Albumin (HSA) | The Effect of Concentration on Dynamic Light Scattering Measurements of Proteins |
Proteins - particle size, zeta potential, molecular weight | DLS + ELS | Ferritin | |
Proteins - radius of gyration | XRD | Glucose Imerase | |
Proteins - resolution of mixtures | SEC | Glucose Oxidase, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, and Lysozyme | |
Proteins - size, aggregation with temperature | DLS | Lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Enhanced Protein Aggregation Detection Using Dual Angle Dynamic Light Scattering |
Proteins - size titration | DLS + ELS | Bovine serum albumin | Automated protein characterization using the MPT-2 Autotitrator* |
Proteins - stability in storage | DLS | Immunoglobulin | |
Small molecules: kinetic screening with waveRAPID | GCI | Target protein against library of small molecules | Pushing the boundaries in pharmaceutical hit discovery with the novel waveRAPID® kinetic assay |
Small molecules: large target-to-analyte molecular weight | GCI | Various small molecule inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CAII) | Sensitive kinetic analysis of small molecules binding to large drug targets |
Biomedical engineering lies at the interface of disciplines such as polymer science, ceramics, biology, and protein chemistry. Below, you’ll find a selection of application notes and articles that relate closely to biomedical sciences and engineering. Feel free to explore them and learn more!
Biomedical Engineering | Method | Sample | Application Note Title (website link) |
|---|---|---|---|
Biocompatibility - Interactions, size of complexes | DLS | Keggin ions | Interactions of Bovine Serum Albumin with Aluminum Polyoxocations |
Biocompatibility - surfaces, zeta potential | ELS | Polystyrene lattices with a carboxylated surface | Using zeta potential to assess protein adsorption to surfactant coated latex |
Biomaterials - ceramics, composition | XRD | Bio-ceramic calcium phosphate coatings | |
Biomaterials - chemical phase composition, microstructure | XRD | Seashell | A shell exposed. A multi-dimensional investigation using X-ray diffraction and Computed Tomography |
Biomaterials - polymers, molecular structure, intrinsic viscosity | SEC | Polylactic Acid (PLA) | Optimization of PLA/PLGA molecular weight and structure to suit final application requirements |
Biomaterials - polymers, molecular weight, concentration | GPC | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | How switching mobile phases can improve your OMNISEC results |
Biomaterials - silk fiber, size, hydrodynamic size | DLS | Spider silk fibers | Protein storage and stability analysis using the Zetasizer Nano ZSP |
Biomaterials - silk fiber, zeta potential aggregation | ELS | Spider silk fibers |
Cellular biology research affects a wide range of study areas, such as:
Here’s a selection of application notes and articles that relate to cellular biology research. Check them out to see how our solutions could support you!
Cellular Biology | Method | Sample | Application Note Title (Link) |
|---|---|---|---|
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) - size and size distribution | NTA | Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) labeled with gold nanoparticles | Adeno-Associated Virus titer and aggregation characterization |
Bacteria and Viruses - size and size distribution | NTA | Bacteriophage (Staphylococcus aureus) and various virus particles | |
Bacterial virulence factors - complex formation | SEC | ClpP2. ClpP2, ClpP2R213, CyaA | |
Bacterial virulence factors - hydrodynamic changes | ELS | CyaA | Characterization of hydrodynamic changes upon cation-binding to proteins |
Cell culture - protein stability | ELS | Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | |
Extracellular vesicles - model systems | NTA | Models for extracellular vesicles | |
Extracellular vesicles - size and concentration | NTA | Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles (STBM), antibody (NDOG II) | Exosomes and Microvesicles: Concentration, sizing and phenotyping using NTA |
Extracellular vesicles - size and concentration | NTA | Exosomes, urine, SKOV3 cells | |
Extracellular vesicles - stability | NTA | Lyophilized exosomes from human urine and plasma | Measuring Exosome Stability with Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis |
Lipid Membranes - phase transitions | DSC | Lipid bilayer membranes | Using DSC to characterize thermotropic phase transitions in lipid bilayer membranes |
Membrane proteins: binding with peptides | GCI | GPCR and a 725 Da mutated neurotensin | |
Membrane proteins - synthesis | SEC | Bovine serum albumin (BSA) in n-Dodecyl-B-D-Maltoside (DDM) | |
MHC class I molecules - Amyloid formation | DLS | β-2-microglobulin (b2m) | Using Light Scattering to Track β-2-Microglobulin Amyloid Formation |
Non-viral vectors - shape change | DLS | L-Lysine | The Use of Light Scattering to Study the Structure and charge of Dendritic Poly(L-Lysine) |
Polycation DNA complexes - polydispersity | DLS | Polycation-DNA complexes | Using dynamic light scattering to investigate conformational changes |
Silica nanoparticles - surface charge | DLS + ELS | Monodisperse silica particles, cationic polymer polyethyleneimine(PEI), succinic acid, glutaraldehyde + streptavidin, a fluorophore | Electrokinetic Characterization of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles |
Starburst Dendrimers - Zeta potential, size | DLS + ELS | Amino group + amidoamine units | Starburst Dendrimers Automated Isoelectric Point Measurements |
Many biochemistry studies ultimately feed into medicine. In this context, ‘Medicine and Human Health’ covers the areas where biochemistry is applied in a practical medical and welfare setting – from nutrition science to toxicology and public health.
Below, we’ve put together some application notes and articles on human health and medical science research topics. Why not have a look and find out more about how we could support you with your medical sciences research?
Medicine and Human Health | Method | Sample | Application Note Title (link) |
|---|---|---|---|
Cancer - diagnostics | DSC | Blood serum | Differential scanning calorimetry as a diagnostic tool for cancer patients |
Cancer - treatments | ITC | Small molecule renin inhibitor | Binding thermodynamics of substituted diaminopyrimidine renin inhibitors |
COVID – preventive treatment | GCI | Receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, ACE2 protein | Sybody® candidates compete for ACE2 binding onto SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD |
Immunosuppressants - stability, particle size distributions | DLS + ELS +LD | Cyclosporines, | Ophthalmic microemulsions: An orthogonal characterization strategy |
Public Health Science - elemental concentrations | XRF | Traces of toxic elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) | |
Toxicology of nanoparticles - particle size | NTA | Human blood plasma, gold nanoparticles |
Our products and technologies are described on the Products pages. Below you can find a quick reference to the properties measured by our instruments, together with the measurement name and its abbreviation. Click on each method to find out more about it!
Abbreviation | Method Name | Instrument(s) | Measured Property |
|---|---|---|---|
DLS | Zetasizer | Molecular size, hydrodynamic radius RH, particle size, size distribution, stability, concentration, agglomeration | |
ELS | Zetasizer | Zeta potential, particle charge, suspension stability, protein mobility | |
ITC | MicroCal ITC | Binding affinity, thermodynamics of molecular reactions in solution | |
DSC | Microcal DSC | Denaturing (unfolding) of large molecules, stability of macromolecules | |
GCI | Creoptix WAVEsystem | Real-time binding kinetics and binding affinity, label free with fluidics | |
IMG | Morphologi 4 | Imaging of particles, automated shape and size measurement | |
MDRS | Morphologi 4-ID | Imaging of particles, automated shape and size measurement, chemical identification and contaminant detection | |
LD | Mastersizer
| Particle size, size distribution | |
NTA | NanoSight | Particle size, size distribution, and concentration | |
SEC or GPC | Size exclusion chromatography / | OMNISEC | Molecular size, molecular weight, oligomeric state, polymer or protein size and molecular structure |
SPE | Le Neo
| Fused Bead Sample preparation for XRF, Peroxide solution preparations for ICP, Flux weighing for beadmaking | |
UV/ Vis/ NIR/ SWIR | Ultra-violet / visible / near infra-red / short wave infra-red spectrometry | LabSpec
| Material identification and analysis, moisture, mineral, carbon content. Ground truthing for airborne and satellite spectroscopic techniques. |
PFTNA | CNA | In-line elemental analysis | |
XRD-C | Aeris
| Molecular crystal structure refinement, crystalline phase identification and quantification, crystalline to amorphous ratio, crystallite size analysis | |
XRD-M | Empyrean
| Residual stress, texture | |
XRD-CT | Empyrean | 3D imaging of solids, porosity, and density | |
SAXS | Empyrean | Nanoparticles, size, shape and structure | |
GISAXS | Empyrean | Nanostructured thin films and surfaces | |
HR-XRD | Empyrean
| Thin-films and epitaxial multilayers, composition, strain, thickness, quality | |
XRR | Empyrean
| Thin films and surfaces, film thickness, surface and interface roughness | |
XRF | Epsilon
| Elemental composition, elemental concentration, trace elements, contaminant detection |
